A1 Alphabet

Hebrew is written without vowels in normal text. But when learning, a system of dots and dashes called niqqud (ניקוד) shows the vowels. Understanding the vowel symbols helps you pronounce new words correctly, even though everyday writing omits them. Four letters also act as vowel helpers: ו (vav) for o/u, י (yod) for i, and ה (he) for a/o at the end of words.